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1958: Two DeHavilland Comets depart London and New York, each bound for the other city. Flying for the British Overseas Airways Corporation, the two aircraft complete the first...

1947: After 13 years of grinding and polishing, the Palomar Observatory mirror is completed at Caltech.

1996: President Bill Clinton signs amendments to the Freedom of Information Act that help usher in a new age of digital democracy. The new law requires the government to make...
1950: The BBC airs the first live, in-flight TV broadcast, from a specially outfitted plane flying over London. It is not free of glitches, but once TV stations are introduced to...

1998: A report from the International Data Corporation shows that Microsoft’s Internet Explorer has passed Netscape Navigator in browser share for the first time.

1822: Jean-François Champollion shows a draft translation of the mysterious Rosetta stone and demonstrates to the world how to read the voluminous hieroglyphics left behind...

1979: CompuServe begins offering a dial-up online information service to consumers.

1901: Gustave Whitehead purportedly travels a mile-and-a-half in the air aboard his birdlike monoplane. If he did, that means he flew nearly two-and-a-half years before the Wright...

1991: The World Wide Web becomes publicly available on the internet for the first time.

2003: The last “old style” Volkswagen Beetle rolls off a Mexican assembly line.

1965: Bob Dylan trades acoustic for electric at the Newport Folk Festival. It does not go over well.

1959: Vice President Richard Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev engage in the so-called Kitchen Debate, an entertaining parry-and-thrust between the two on ideology,...

1962: The Telstar 1 communications satellite relays the first trans-Atlantic television signal in history.

1963: Test pilot Joe Walker takes an X-15 aircraft to an altitude of 67 miles (106 kilometers), becoming the only pilot to surpass the 100-kilometer barrier in a rocket plane...

1975: Archeologists complete excavation of the necropolis of Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of a unified China, and discover 8,000 terra-cotta warriors and their horses guarding...

1962: Swedish engineer Nils Bohlin receives a U.S. patent for the three-point, lap-and-shoulder, vehicle safety belt. It’s considered one of the most important and...

1054: A supernova noted by Chinese observers heralds the creation of the Crab Nebula. The exact date has been disputed, but most accounts accept the Chinese date of July 4.

1928: W3XK, the first American TV station, begins broadcasting from suburban Washington, D.C.

1954: The first nuclear power plant to be connected to an external grid goes operational in Obninsk, outside of Moscow.

1997: An unmanned “Progress” spacecraft collides with the Mir space station while attempting to dock.

1963: A “hot line” is established between the White House and the Kremlin. Now, the leaders of the two most powerful nations on Earth can communicate quickly in a crisis.

240 B.C.: Greek astronomer, geographer, mathematician and librarian Eratosthenes calculates the Earth’s circumference. His data was rough, but he wasn’t far off.

1983: Sally Ride becomes the first American woman to travel into space.

1955: Soviet geologists in eastern Siberia discover a massive deposit of diamond in what will become the Mir mine, the second largest excavated pit in the world.

1644: Italian physicist Evangelista Torricelli demonstrates the principles of the mercury barometer, an instrument he invented the previous year.

1944: The invasion of Normandy was as much a triumph of technology as it was a feat of logistics or firepower. That an invasion was coming was well known by everyone, including...

1783: The Montgolfier brothers, Joseph and Jacques, stage a public demonstration of the first hot-air balloon capable of carrying passengers.

1977: The 800-mile-long Trans-Alaska Pipeline System is completed.

1961: President Kennedy declares his intention of putting an American astronaut on the moon by the end of the decade.

1985: Aerospace engineer Thomas Patrick Cavanagh is sentenced to life imprisonment after being convicted of trying to sell secrets of the stealth bomber to the Soviet Union.

1927: Charles Lindbergh lands at Le Bourget airfield outside of Paris, completing the first nonstop transatlantic flight and becoming an instant international celebrity.

1988: C. Everett Koop, surgeon general of the United States, publishes a report declaring nicotine as addictive as either heroin or cocaine.

1960: The birth control pill wins the approval of the Food and Drug Administration. The FDA gives its blessing to the 10-milligram dose of Enovid, which by then had been in...

1886: Trying to come up with a headache cure and general pain reliever, pharmacist John Pemberton invents the...

558: The dome of the Hagia Sophia cathedral in Constantinople collapses following an earthquake.

1952: A de Havilland Comet, flying for British Overseas Airways Corporation, becomes the first jet aircraft to enter commercial service, carrying passengers from London to...

1851: The Great Exhibition opens in London’s Hyde Park. It’s the birth of the world’s fair, a cosmopolitan...

1897: Physicist J.J. Thomson tells a startled scientific audience that he’s discovered something smaller than an atom, a particle with a minuscule mass and a negative charge.

1956: The converted tanker Ideal X leaves Newark, New Jersey, carrying 58 cargo-laden truck-trailers on its specially fitted deck. Containerization is born....

1859: Egyptian workers under French engineers begin construction of the Suez Canal.

1184 B.C.: During the Trojan War, the Greeks depart in ships, leaving behind a large wooden horse as a victory offering. It is hauled inside the walls of Troy, and Greek soldiers...

1940: Engineer Herman Anthony of Ray-O-Vac receives a patent for the leakproof battery. His invention is about to go to war.

1964: Bell’s Picturephone service dials up the world’s first videophone call, and the New York World Fair’s science consultant William L. Laurence gets some face...

1790: Benjamin Franklin dies.

2000: Heavy metal band Metallica sues Napster for enabling thievery and copyright infringement. The rockin’ lawsuit came on the heels of the

1976: Ronald Wayne, who with Steves Jobs and Wozniak founded Apple Computer,

1888: The Concertgebouw concert hall opens in Amsterdam.

1849: A New York inventor receives a patent for the spring safety pin. He invented it because he needed some cash and was able to sell the rights within hours. Parents and babies...

1959: The first seven astronauts selected to participate in NASA’s Project Mercury are introduced by the space agency at a press conference in Washington.

1909: American explorer Robert Peary claims to have reached the geographic North Pole on this date. If true, it makes him the first person to attain “the Big Nail”...

1956: The Crane Company Bathroom of Tomorrow opens in Disneyland’s Tomorrowland, promising visitors the lavish lavatory of the future, which was actually “Available Today!” from — you...

1581: Francis Drake, having completed the first circumnavigation of the world a few months earlier, is knighted by Queen Elizabeth aboard his ship, the Golden Hind.

1996: Ted Kaczynski is arrested by the FBI at his cabin outside Lincoln, Montana. The Unabomber’s reign of terror is over.

1845: French physicists Armand H. L. Fizeau and J. Leon Foucault take the first photograph of the sun.

1993: Scientists show teleportation is possible, at least theoretically. The downsides: The original teleported object must be destroyed, and it can’t happen instantaneously.

1910: Henri Fabre makes the first successful seaplane flight at Martigues, near Marseilles, France.

1933: Two British research chemists miss an important detail … and make polyethylene.

1983: President Reagan announces his “Star Wars” missile-defense program.

1981: RCA’s long-awaited videodisc system, essentially a vinyl record that plays video, hits stores in the United States. The company spent 15 years and $200 million...

Once used to house the most dangerous criminals in the federal penal system, Alcatraz was deteriorating badly by 1963, a victim of the same harsh elements of sea, wind and fog that made it such a...

Volta had already created the electrophorus to create static electric charges and discovered methane before becoming professor of...

The crafts guilds, especially those of Venice’s lucrative glass-blowing trades, had their own restrictions, but the

Mariner 10, the last of the Mariner family, launched on Nov. 3, 1973 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. With Mariner 10′s narrow-angle cameras, ultraviolet spectrometers and infrared radiometers,...

Zeppelin, who received a German patent nearly four years earlier, can more accurately be said to have perfected, rather than invented, the cylindrical-shaped craft. His final designs were based on...

Shrapnel, a British lieutenant, was serving in the Royal Artillery when he perfected his shell in the mid-1780s. A shrapnel shell, unlike a conventional high-explosive artillery round, is designed...

Inventors as august as Thomas Edison had been trying to link two marvels of the age — the phonograph and the moving picture — for several decades. The fidelity was as good (or bad) as...

The battle took place at Hampton Roads, Virginia, where a day earlier the CSS Virginia (known popularly as the Merrimack, her name when she had been a frigate in the...

Before the air brake, railroad engineers would stop trains by cutting power, braking their locomotives and using the whistle to signal their brakemen.

Caesar was reforming a calendar based on 364 days, with an occasional extra leap month. But the Roman religious officials in charge of minding the calendar had been asleep at the switch,...

Surgery, in Paré’s time, was considered a low profession and very few physicians deigned to practice it. Barbers, oddly enough, were often called upon to do the actual cutting and...

The Frame Breaking Act made it a capital offense for anyone convicted of “machine breaking,” the willful destruction of mechanized looms and cloth-finishing machinery and other new...

1938: The first nylon-bristled toothbrushes go on sale, a welcome alternative to chewing on sticks or scrubbing the teeth with ground-up oyster shells.

Wadlow, the oldest of five children born to Harold and Addie Wadlow, was a normal-sized newborn (8 pounds, 6 ounces) who began his rapid growth almost immediately. At 6 months old, he weighed 30...

The camera, which became better known by the name of Land’s company, Polaroid, was the first so-called instant camera. Using...

The Hunley‘s attack served both to illustrate the submarine’s effectiveness as a stealth weapon and to...

The need to get greenhouse emissions under control and face the specter of global warming is now almost universally accepted, but opponents of

1995: Perhaps the most celebrated cracking case in history begins with the arrest of Kevin Mitnick by the FBI on charges of wire fraud and breaking into the computer systems of...

Galileo’s long-running feud with the Roman Catholic Church over whether the Earth revolved around the sun (the Copernican view advocated by Galileo) or the sun around the Earth (the...

Verne was the son of a highly analytical father and a highly imaginative mother, and this amalgamation shows in his writing. “
Using a bot network to gain control of millions of computers, this not-so-callow youth staged a classic DoS attack lasting a week, flooding the websites with an overwhelming volume of traffic....

Criminal justice systems in many societies have long believed that you can spot a liar based on several physiological reactions to questioning. An increase in blood pressure and heart rate, dry...

Damage to the orbiter’s thermal protection system, which occurred at launch when foam insulation detached from the main propellant tank and struck the left wing, was immediately suspected...

But this was no leisure tour for Ham. There was work to be done — specifically, to see if chimps, and by close genetic association, humans, had slower reaction times in space. Ham, whose...

Christened the Original, she was a 30-foot-long, double-ended, 10-oar longboat built by Henry Greathead of South Shields. She carried 7 hundredweight (784 pounds or 356 kilograms) of...

His vehicle was a modified “Stanley Steamer,” a popular consumer model that the Stanley Motor Carriage Company produced from 1897 to 1924. Such steam-powered automobiles, which were at one...

Fluoridation, implemented as a means of reducing tooth decay, involves adding one part per million of fluoride to the water supply. (The optimum level, according to the Centers for Disease...

While the gold rush made millionaires out of some, most prospectors did not strike it rich. Some returned home with little more than they had arrived with, and others stayed on to make a new life...

A healthy dose of sexism, racism and chauvinism, all alive and well in the rarified air of the fin de siècle French scientific fraternity, conspired to deny Curie the seat, which was...

Over 1 billion people are estimated to have watched the inauguration on their TVs and computers, with nearly 2 million people crammed onto the National Mall. The web content delivery service...

Lifting off from Cape Canaveral, the probe left Earth faster than any man-made object before it — 36,373 mph — on its way to the last planet in our system to be visited by a...

The bomber collided with the KC-135 tanker at 31,000 feet. Exploding fuel completely destroyed the tanker, killing all four crew members. The B-52 broke apart, spilling its payload — four...

Although the asteroid was small, measuring roughly 30 meters in width, the potential for local devastation and loss of life was real enough that astronomers seriously considered contacting the...

Established to promote the sciences, even as Germany stood at the threshold of its stormiest political epoch, the society, which served as an umbrella organization for a variety of scientific...

Flat disc records began replacing the cylinder for reproducing recorded sound as early as 1887. The original standard, what we know as the 78, had a 10-inch diameter disc with a rotational speed...

1903: Thomas Edison stages his highly publicized electrocution of an elephant in order to demonstrate the dangers of alternating current, which, if it posed any immediate danger...

The massive project was conceived in the 1950s to energize lower Manhattan. Architect Minoru Yamasaki worked in...

A small New Mexico company — with the big name of Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems and the small name of MITS — manufactured the Altair as a do-it-yourself kit. At its...

Dec. 12: Inventor Guglielmo Marconi amazes a London assemblage in 1896 with a demonstration of wireless communication across a room. Five years later to the date, Marconi sends...

Japan knew it could not defeat the Americans in a conventional war, lacking as it did sufficient manpower and raw materials (notably oil) for such a sustained effort. By destroying the U.S. fleet...

1901: Animation pioneer Walt Disney and nuclear physicist Werner Heisenberg are born. So, if you’ve ever thought the Uncertainty Principle was a bit goofy, you may be onto...

2004: Ken Jennings, the longest-reigning Jeopardy! champion and one of the biggest money winners in game-show history, meets his Waterloo.

1660: An informal group of “natural philosophers” establish what will become the Royal Society, Britain’s foremost scientific academy.

1968: Karen Schroeder, a second-generation resident of the Love Canal neighborhood of Niagara Falls, New York, gives birth to an infant girl with multiple birth defects. The...

1666: Samuel Pepys, writing in his famous diary, records the first description of a blood transfusion.

1983: Microsoft chief Bill Gates unveils the Windows operating system for PCs. Don’t hold your breath waiting until you can buy a copy … unless you can hold your...

1905: Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres-Quevedo uses a radio remote controller to operate a boat more than a mile away in the Bilbao estuary. The crowd is amazed.

1947: The Spruce Goose, with Hollywood producer-aviator-tycoon Howard Hughes at the controls, makes its first — and only — flight, skimming the waters of...

1859: The second lighthouse at Cape Lookout, North Carolina, is lit for the first time.

Postwar Britain had only 10 percent of its current road traffic, but fatalities were mounting. The typical pedestrian crossing was marked with...

1989: The 21st Annual MileHiCon, a sci-fi and fantasy gathering in Denver, hosts a truly epochal moment in the history of geekdom: the birth of robot battles.

The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) started issuing television licenses in 1928. These noncommercial licenses did not allow selling airtime or any...

1671: Giovanni Cassini discovers Iapetus, one of Saturn’s moons.

1960: The attempted launch of a prototype R-16 ICBM ends in disaster when the Soviet rocket blows up on a launchpad at the Baikonur Cosmodrome, killing more than 100 engineers,...

1945: Klaus Fuchs passes U.S. atomic bomb secrets to the Soviet Union for the first time.

1973: The Arab oil-producing states impose an embargo against nations supporting Israel in the Fourth Arab-Israeli War, also known as the October War, Ramadan War or Yom Kippur War.

1858: Manual labor hoists the great hour bell into place high in the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament in London. Some people are already calling the 14.33-ton bell...

1972: A chartered flight carrying a Uruguayan rugby team to its match in Chile crashes in the high Andes, resulting in one of the most grueling survival ordeals of modern times.

1928: A young polio sufferer at Children’s Hospital in Boston becomes the first person to use the iron lung artificial respirator. Her recovery from respiratory failure is...

1861: Fridtjof Nansen is born. He will become a towering figure in Arctic exploration, the natural sciences and international diplomacy.

1959: The space probe Luna 3 takes the first photographs of the far side of the moon.

Updated 6:30 p.m., in next-to-last paragraph.

1986: The existence of Israel’s secret nuclear weapons program is revealed by a former nuclear-plant technician, whose story is published by The Sunday Times of...

1957: The Space Age dawns a little sooner than expected with the successful launch of Sputnik 1 by the Soviet Union. It’s a pivotal moment, the kind of event that —...

1947: After 13 years of grinding and polishing, the Palomar Observatory mirror is completed at Caltech.

1941: SS Patrick Henry, the first Liberty ship, is launched at the Bethlehem-Fairfield shipyard near Baltimore.

1960: In the first televised U.S. presidential debate in history, John F. Kennedy comes off well. His opponent, Richard Nixon, does not. Television instantly emerges as the...

1846: German astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle, knowing exactly where to look, confirms the existence of an eighth planet in the solar system, Neptune.

1792: It’s 1 Vendémiaire of An I in the French Revolutionary Calendar, the first day of fall and the first day of the first month of the first year of the First Republic of...

1937: Before there is The Lord of the Rings trilogy, there is The Hobbit. J.R.R. Tolkien’s fantasy novel is first published on this date.

1952: Geneticists Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase publish the findings of their so-called blender experiments, which conclude that DNA is where life’s hereditary data is found.
1982: At precisely 11:44 a.m., Scott Fahlman posts the following electronic message to a computer-science department bulletin board at Carnegie Mellon University:

1916: The tank makes its debut as a battlefield weapon, attacking the Germans as part of a British assault near Bois d’Elville, or Delville Wood, on the Western Front.

1959: Luna 2 becomes the first artifact of humanity to strike the moon.

1899: Henry Bliss becomes the first pedestrian known to be killed by an automobile in North America.

1958: New hire Jack Kilby shows his Texas Instruments colleagues a little something he’s built. A very little something: a working integrated circuit on a piece of...

1999: Some people fear massive computer problems, but does 9/9/99 create headaches? Nein, nein, nein.

1966: Star Trek makes its network television debut.

1998: Handed a check for $100,000 made out to “Google Inc.,” Sergey Brin and Larry Page figure they better incorporate their fledgling search engine. So they do.

1891: The victim of a stab wound becomes the first person to undergo heart surgery involving the suturing of the pericardium, or heart sac.

1859: A magnetic explosion on the sun causes bright auroras on Earth and upends the the fledgling telegraph network.

1939: Germany invades Poland, starting the second European war in a generation and introducing the world to a new kind of warfare: blitzkrieg.

1968: Dr. Michael DeBakey supervises five teams of surgeons in the first simultaneous, multi-organ transplant.

Daimler, the automotive pioneer usually associated with building the world’s first successful internal combustion engine (and, subsequently, the first automobile), staked his